Empirical studies generate valid and fundamental data on the project. The intention is to evaluate and further adapt the technologies. A technical and socio-cultural monitoring program was developed with the communities at every project site. The monitoring consists of regular in-depth interviews and standardized surveys with users and/or residents. For example, monitoring interviews are conducted with farmers at the rain and floodwater harvesting sites every season to evaluate how they perform and which challenges need to be addressed. Further monitoring addresses technical components and parameters like water production, chemistry and microbiology.